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|death_place = Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S. |resting_place = Marcos Museum and Mausoleum, Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines |party = Kilusang Bagong Lipunan |otherparty = Liberal Party (1946–1965) Nacionalista Party (1965–1978) |spouse = Imelda Romuáldez (1954–1989; his death) |children = Ma. Imelda Marcos Ferdinand Marcos, Jr. Irene Marcos-Araneta Aimee Marcos |alma_mater = University of the Philippines College of Law |profession = Politician |religion = Roman Catholicism (formerly Iglesia Filipina Independiente) |signature = Marcos Sig.svg |allegiance= |rank= Major |battles= World War II |awards = }} Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos, Sr. (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was a Filipino politician who served as President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled under martial law from 1972 until 1981. At the age of 18, Marcos is thought to have assassinated Julio Nalundasan, a political opponent of his father, Mariano Marcos. Both were arrested and held until they were released by Supreme Court Justice José P. Laurel. Marcos served during World War II. As part of his election campaign, he would later claim to have been "the most decorated war hero in the Philippines", although in fact he received only three medals. Prior to Marcos's presidency, he served as a member of the Philippine House of Representatives from 1949 to 1959 and of the Philippine Senate from 1959 to 1965, where he was also Senate President from 1963 to 1965. He was elected President in 1965 after a successful campaign. Under Marcos, the Philippine national debt grew from $2 billion to $30 billion, but US corporations in the Philippines prospered, giving an explanation as to why the US didn't protest Marcos's imposition of martial law in 1972. The Carter Administration engineered an $88 million World Bank loan to Marcos, increased military aid to him by 300%, and called him a "soft dictator". In contrast, a 1976 Amnesty International report had alleged 88 government torturers. By 1977, the armed forces had quadrupled and over 60,000 Filipinos had been arrested for political reasons. Yet, in 1981, Vice President George H. W. Bush praised Marcos for his "adherence to democratic principles and to the democratic processes".〕}} Public outrage led to the snap elections of 1986 and to the People Power Revolution in February 1986, which removed him from power. Marcos was overthrown by followers of Corazon (Cory) Aquino, widow of the assassinated opposition leader Senator Benigno (Ninoy) Aquino, Jr.. Marcos's family enjoyed a luxurious lifestyle by taking away billions of dollars from the country in the course of their US-backed rule between 1965 and 1986. His wife Imelda Marcos, whose excesses during the couple's kleptocracy〔 made her infamous in her own right, spawned the term "Imeldific".〔 She is still active in Philippine politics along with two of his four children, Imee Marcos and Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos, Jr. ==Early life== Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was born on September 11, 1917, in the town of Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, to Mariano Marcos and Josefa Edralin. He was later baptized into the Philippine Independent Church, but was first baptized in the Roman Catholic Church at the age of three. In December 1938, Ferdinand was prosecuted for the murder of Julio Nalundasan along with his father, Mariano, his brother, Pio, and his brother-in-law Quirino Lizardo. Nalundasan, one of the elder Marcos' political rivals, had been shot and killed in his house in Batac on September 21, 1935 – the day after he had defeated Mariano Marcos a second time for a seat in the National Assembly.〔.〕 According to two witnesses, the four had conspired to assassinate Nalundasan, with Ferdinand Marcos eventually pulling the trigger. In late January 1939, they were denied bail〔(Mariano Marcos vs. Roman A. Cruz ) Philippines Supreme Court〕 and later in the year, they were convicted. Ferdinand and Lizardo received the death penalty for premeditated murder, while Mariano and Pio were found guilty of contempt of court. The Marcos family took their appeal to the Supreme Court of the Philippines, which overturned the lower court's decision on 22 October 1940, acquitting them of all charges except contempt.〔Justice Jose P. Laurel penned the ''ponencia'' (in (People vs. Mariano Marcos, et al., 70 Phil. 468 )) which was concurred by Chief Justice Ramón Avanceña and Justices Imperial, Díaz, and Horilleno.〕 Marcos studied law at the University of the Philippines, attending the prestigious College of Law. He excelled in both curricular and extra-curricular activities, becoming a valuable member of the university's swimming, boxing, and wrestling teams. He was also an accomplished and prolific orator, debater, and writer for the student newspaper. He also became a member of the University of the Philippines ROTC Unit (UP Vanguard Fraternity) where he met some of his future cabinet members and Armed Forces Chiefs of Staff. He sat for the 1939 Bar Examinations, receiving a near-perfect score of 98.8%. Although some have disputed this score. And the Philippine Supreme Court felt justified to alter his scoring. No evidence exists to refute this. Thus, he graduated ''cum laude'' despite the fact that he was incarcerated while reviewing. Had he not been in jail for 27 days, he would have graduated ''magna cum laude''. He was elected to the Pi Gamma Mu and the Phi Kappa Phi international honour societies, the latter giving him its Most Distinguished Member Award 37 years later.〔See page 32, http://www.utoledo.edu/as/pdfs/100years.pdf〕 In Seagrave's book ''The Marcos Dynasty'', he mentioned that Marcos possessed a phenomenal memory and exhibited this by memorizing complicated texts and reciting them forward and backward, even such as the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines. Sen. Miriam Defensor-Santiago, in an interview with the ''Philippine Star'' on March 25, 2012, shared her experience as a speech writer to President Marcos: "One time, the Secretary of Justice forgot to tell me that the President had requested him to draft a speech that the President was going to deliver before graduates of the law school. And then, on the day the President was to deliver the speech, he suddenly remembered because Malacañang was asking for the speech, so he said, 'This is an emergency. You just have to produce something.' And I just dictated the speech. He liked long speeches. I think that was 20 or 25 pages. And then, in the evening, I was there, of course. President Marcos recited the speech from memory."〔(Miriam Santiago on love, loss and her home ), Philippine Star, March 25, 2012.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ferdinand Marcos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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